Additional material only will delay the drying process. The average crop of canola is handled quite readily with most swathers. However, stands that are exceptionally tall 4 to 5 feet , thick, or lodged and tangled make laying an unbunched windrow difficult.
The windrow must flow smoothly through the swather without bunching. Bunching leads to uneven drying and combine plugging. Therefore, a good swather must have enough depth of table 40 inches to handle the crop material.
It also should have a large throat opening. The opening should be at least as wide 40 to 54 inches as the distance between the two swather canvasses on center delivery swathers.
It should have a vertical clearance for the windrow of at least 30 to 40 inches. The throat opening should be free of projections that may catch and bunch the windrow as it passes through the machine. A large throat opening is important, particularly for wider swathers, to ensure the swath will be of a size and shape that will dry and cure properly. The table canvas should be strong enough to carry the heavy load of cut material and should be run just fast enough to keep the table clean.
If possible, the canvas speed should be varied depending on the maturity of the crop cut. A fast canvas tends to produce a hollow, twisted windrow; a slower canvas produces a more compact windrow, but it may bunch and sit high on the stubble. Increase the canvas speed until the windrow is pressed into the stubble. The reel should be set as high and far forward as possible.
The reel speed should be set to correspond with the forward speed of the swather. This speed will just lay the cut material gently back on the table to avoid shelling. The ratio of tip speed of the reel bat in feet per minute divided by the ground speed of the swather in feet per minute should be a maximum of 1 to 1. Finger reels work best in canola to help bring the material back onto the table and gently handle the ripened canola.
For a lodged or leaning canola crop, finger reels are highly recommended for ease of swathing. Ordinary end dividers that are long and gently sloping generally are less prone to plugging than short, abrupt types. In lodged or tangled canola, the divider tip must split the crop low in the stem area and then lift and separate the crop as the swather moves forward. Separation of the crop should be complete just before the knife cuts the stems.
When the crop is tall, tangled and lodged or laid across the seeded rows, divider plugging is almost inevitable unless special vertical cutter bars or power blades are fitted on the swather Figure 8. These can cause a minor loss of pods and whole seed tops, but they prevent stops and bunching. In badly lodged crops, swathing in a direction parallel to the direction in which the crop is leaning may be advantageous.
For example, if the crop is leaning southeast, then swath from the southeast to the northwest. Canola crops do not often flatten so badly that a conventional swather will not handle them, but in severe conditions, a pickup reel set well forward and with a speed ratio of 1. Also, install lifting guards that lift the crop so it can be cut. In areas where windrows could be lifted and blown by the wind, a light roller pulled behind the swather will help anchor the windrow in the stubble Figure 9.
The roller should be set so that it just anchors the windrow into the stubble without shelling any ripe pods. Excessive roller pressure will produce a windrow that is too compact to dry quickly and difficult to pick up without shelling the canola. The windrow should be left as high as possible in the stubble so that the combine pickup can slip under it without tearing the windrow. NDSU research has shown that swath pack density and seeding rates had little effect on green seed of canola. To reduce shattering losses, overly ripe fields should be swathed when humidity is high, such as after a rain or heavy dew, or at night.
Determining when to swath unevenly maturing fields is difficult. Uneven maturity usually is the result of uneven spring germination, with two or more flushes of seedling emergence. When checking uneven stands, producers should do an early count on the ratio of early emerged canola that is bolting or starting to flower to the late-emerged flush of young, more immature plants. Knowing the ratio of early to late-emerged canola plants allows producers to make a better decision as to how soon to swath or whether to wait until the later crop catches up.
Canola should be allowed to cure and ripen from 10 to14 days in the swath before combining Figure If combined too early, the chance of increased green seed in the harvested crop is much greater. Be in a hurry to swath on time and prevent shattering, but take your time moving the combine into the field to ensure maximum drying, maturation and quality of your harvested canola. Hot or windy weather at or after swathing can cause canola seed to be at the appropriate moisture content for combining before it has cured and cleared the green chlorophyll.
This occurs because the plant dries up before sufficient moisture can move into the seed to finish curing it. Checking moisture content and green seed count before starting to combine is important.
Delayed combining can help clear the green, particularly if the swath sits through several heavy dews or light rain showers. Research was conducted at various locations in North Dakota and northwestern Minnesota to determine canola seed yield and quality as influenced by the amount of time the crop is cured and ripened in the swath Table 2.
The results indicated that while seven days of curing in the swath was adequate for yield, it was not sufficient to allow for green seed color change reduction in chlorophyll or a drop in the moisture content of the seed. Problems with green seed have developed in North Dakota.
Cool, wet and overcast weather during the growing season promotes green seed. These problems can be made worse in some instances by sulfur deficiency. Temperatures at maturity are an important factor in chlorophyll breakdown. Cool temperatures and light frosts in August and September slow the enzyme activity that breaks down chlorophyll. Frosts from 32 to 33 F stop the chlorophyll breakdown and, in some cases, can reverse it.
Differences may occur between adjacent fields that are only days apart in maturity or differ in uniformity of maturity.
The area sown to canola depends on demand and prices in relation to other crop choices and factors such as the timing of the autumn break and the amount of moisture stored in the subsoil in low and medium rainfall zones. However, in most years, the rank order of production states is:. While Australia is a relatively small producer of oilseeds by international standards, it is widely regarded for its high-quality exports and has developed some significant international markets for its canola and cottonseed exports.
The marketing of canola is well organised. A number of buying organisations offer farmers the option of taking fixed price contracts during the season. The farmer nominates the tonnage that they will deliver for each contract written. Alternatively, a farmer can choose not to make an early decision and instead sell after harvest, perhaps warehousing the seed while deciding how long to wait and who to sell to.
There are minor variations on these options. Canola is an excellent choice to enhance or extend a crop rotation. It produces a high yield and can be a profitable crop in its own right, as well as an excellent fit with cereals or pulses. Cereal yields after canola are often enhanced because of the disease cleaning that occurs when an unrelated crop type such as canola is alternated with cereals and kept free of grassy weeds.
Canola in the rotation allows farmers to better manage their weeds. Because canola is a broadleaf crop, and because there are different herbicide tolerant varieties of canola, farmers have more options for weed control than in cereal crops such as wheat and barley.
A realistic target yield can be determined by calculating potential yields based on the amount of growing season rainfall expected, subsoil moisture available to the crop at sowing time and the sowing date. For example, a canola crop sown in mid May in a location that received mm average growing season rainfall, with no stored subsoil moisture, can expect a potential yield of 2. The target yield is 2. In recent years, below average rainfall has meant that some farmers have become better prepared for dry seasons and have tried, where possible, to reduce costs of crop sowing inputs.
They spend more on the crop at later growth stages when they have a better idea of how the season is progressing. Nitrogen fertiliser is the single biggest cost to canola growers. By applying most of the nitrogen fertiliser later in the season, but before stem elongation, rather than all before sowing, farmers can reduce some of the financial risk of growing canola.
For , a 1. These figures contain challengeable assumptions as grain prices vary during the year, different farmers have different costs and yield can vary.
Also, the yield benefit of break crops like canola to subsequent cereal crops is not factored into the break crops gross margin. Walk close to a canola crop in flower and the strong cabbage smell explains its origin as a member of the Brassicaceae family, which includes: broccoli cabbage cauliflower mustard radish turnip Canola is a variant of the ancient crop rapeseed, a word derived from the Latin rapum meaning turnip.
The oil is used for industrial purposes like biodiesel and food uses including: margarine cooking oils salad oils edible oil blends. Cropping requirements Canola fits well into a crop rotation on grain and sheep farms in the mm to mm rainfall zones. Weed control Early weed control must be effective. Once established, canola is effective at crowding out weeds. Pest control Canola can be affected by a number of insect pests, which may require chemical control if they start to cause significant crop damage.
Aphids can also spread viruses to canola. Windrowing Two major differences exist between canola and most other crops which affect crop management. Production Australia produces 1. There is a chart currently available that lists the optimum planting dates for all the counties in Oklahoma. Can winter canola still freeze out? It has very good cold tolerance, but it can still freeze out. It is not necessarily the cold but dry soils combined with rapid fluctuation in temperatures.
Like 70 degrees during the day and 10 degrees that night. Does it make a difference whether you use liquid or dry fertilizer? It does not make a lot of difference if you use liquid or dry fertilizer. Applications of 80 lbs of liquid nitrogen have been applied without noticeable burn. You will not see the burn like you do on wheat with liquid nitrogen applications. Are P and K fertilizer necessary in canola production and how does canola perform in low and high pH soils? Both are required for canola production.
Requirements are very similar to wheat. As far as soil pH, canola grows best in a range of 5. Outside this range yields may drop off quickly. How much nitrogen does it take to raise a normal canola crop? Is it necessary to use a starter fertilizer and if so, should it be with the seed, beside the seed or broadcast on top, and how much? It should not be applied with the seed. If applied beside the seed there should be at least 1 inch separation.
You may need to incorporate a starter fertilizer with P, K, and 25 to 30 lbs of Sulfur per acre. Always get a soil test and recommendations for canola. Can canola be top dressed in the winter like wheat? Yes it can be top dressed in the fall and spring with nitrogen like wheat with dry or liquid fertilizer. At any time can grass and broadleaf weed control chemicals damage the canola crop?
Use of any agriculture chemical can cause injury. But no significant injury from any labeled application of herbicide, insecticide, or fungicide has been noted. Most labels allow application from 2 to 4 leaves in the fall to prior to bolting in the spring. Applications of some pesticides after bolting in the spring can reduce yield.
Can you hurt canola by driving over it while frozen? Yes, individual plants that are run over will be hurt, but overall yields of the field will not suffer. What is considered an average crop of canola compared to a 40 bushel wheat crop? If it is a good year for wheat it will be a good year for canola. What type of equipment does it take to plant canola? Canola can be planted with any typical equipment used to plant wheat. This includes alfalfa seeders. How deep should canola be planted and how does canola react to no-till?
The key is maintaining approx. Canola works well under no-till conditions. With no-till planters attention needs to be paid to making sure the planting slit is covered and firmly packed. What diseases are common in canola?
The two major diseases are Blackleg and Sclerotinia Stem Rot. These presently will not be a problem in Oklahoma until we have a few years of growing canola.
Because there are no common diseases between wheat and canola, a rotation back to wheat will solve many potential issues that might arise. Also the conventional winter varieties have genetic resistance to Blackleg. On an average year, how many times would you have to spray canola for diseases, insects or weeds? In general we see one application for weed control, none for diseases, and none to two for insects.
How many pounds of canola do you plant per acre? How many plants per square foot are required to produce a good crop? It is recommended to plant 5 lbs per acre. Plant populations as low as 1 plant per square foot can produce a good crop. What happens if you have a thin stand?
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