In A Social History of Disability in the Middle Ages , the historian Irina Metzler explains that adultery was punishable by severing the nose in the Kingdom of Jerusalem of the 10th century. These atrocities are still committed. When she was 12, her father sold her to a Taliban fighter to pay off a debt. After she attempted to run away, her Taliban family cut off her nose and ears, leaving her for dead. She was rescued by aid workers, who then brought her to the United States. In sunny Southern California, she bounced between lavish homes in gated communities.
She was trotted out at a pricey gala dinner in Beverly Hills, where she debuted her prosthetic nose, a preview of what the surgery would do for her. When the time came for Mohammadzai to begin a marathon of surgeries, T he Daily Mail updated its readers on reconstruction efforts , detailing the various procedures required to build her new nose. The techniques employed were similar to those used in ancient India: doctors used skin from her face to provide tissue for her new nose.
Four years after the Time cover story, the media continues to document her progress. Media coverage of Mohammadzai similarly casts Western culture and technology as both civilizer and savior. Skip to content Site Navigation The Atlantic. Popular Latest. The Atlantic Crossword. John Orlando Roe, which was done to remove a nasal hump. Subsequent surgeries led to further improvements, and in , Prussian plastic surgeon Jacques Joseph published a book describing refined techniques for nose reduction surgery, including internal incisions.
Rhinoplasty Today Now, rhinoplasty is performed for a variety of reasons. For some, it is for medical reasons or to repair the nose following trauma, as first documented in history. For others, it is for cosmetic reasons. Men seek rhinoplasty. Women seek rhinoplasty. Whatever the reason- be it cosmetic or medical- its benefits extend beyond the physical to improve quality of life.
Sushruta: Rhinoplasty in B. The Internet Journal of Plastic Surgery. The roots of ancient Indian surgery go back to more than years ago. Sushruta, one of the earliest surgeons of recorded history B.
The detailed description of the Rhinoplasty operation by Sushruta is amazingly meticulous, comprehensive and relevant today. The historical evidences suggest that plastic surgery originated in India more than two millennia ago and the oldest plastic surgery operation probably relate to nasal reconstruction.
Sushruta, an ancient Indian surgeon in BC. The notable contributions in Plastic Surgery are technique of pedicle flap, repair of ear lobe defects ,repair of traumatic and congenital clefts of the lip, classification of burns ,description of sharp 20 types and blunt types instruments, practice of mock operations, cadveric dissection ,use of wine to dull the pain of surgical incisions, code of ethics; however the Rhinoplasty remains the greatest highlight of Sushruta's surgery. The nose in Indian society has remained a symbol of dignity and respect throughout antiquity.
In ancient times, amputation of nose was frequently done as a punishment for criminals, war prisoners or people indulged in adultery. The practice of Rhinoplasty slowly started as a result of the need to reconstruct the external nose and later developed to the full fledged science.
Figure 1 Figure 1: Sushruta B. Sushruta is considered as the innovator of the Rhinoplasty technique practised since B. The detailed description of the Rhinoplasty operation in the Sushruta Samhita is amazingly precise and comprehensive. The English translation of Sushruta's original Sanskrit description of the method is as follows 3 :.
Then a piece of skin of the required size should be dissected from the living skin of the cheek, and turned back to cover the nose, keeping a small pedicle attached to the cheek. The part of the nose to which the skin is to be attached should be made raw by cutting the nasal stump with a knife.
The physician then should place the skin on the nose and stitch the two parts swiftly, keeping the skin properly elevated by inserting two tubes of eranda the castor-oil plant in the position of the nostrils, so that the new nose gets proper shape. The skin thus properly adjusted, it should then be sprinkled with a powder of liquorice, red sandal-wood and barberry plant. Finally, it should be covered with cotton, and clean sesame oil should be constantly applied.
When the skin has united and granulated, if the nose is too short or too long, the middle of the flap should be divided and an endeavor made to enlarge or shorten it. As the historical pages started opening up, the knowledge of Rhinoplasty spread from India to Arabia and Persia and from there to Egypt. However, it took centuries for the principles and the technique of Rhinoplasty to travel to Europe and other parts of the world.
In the 15th century, Gaspare Tagliacozzi from Italy documented similar technique of nasal reconstruction. He successfully reconstructed the nose by using the skin of the upper arm. The principle of Italian procedure was precisely the same as of the pedicle flap which was described two millennia ahead by Sushruta. The classical cheek flap Rhinoplasty of Sushruta was later modified by using a rotation flap from the adjacent forehead, The Traditional Indian Method of Rhinoplasty.
This technique was kept a secret for centuries in India, and practiced by Marathas of Kumar near Poona, certain Nepali families and Kanghairas of Kangra Himachal Pradesh 4. The resurgence of Indian method began in the s when British surgeons working for the East India Company saw the work done by Indian surgeons.
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